주 콘텐츠로 건너뛰기

기댓값 추정을 위한 연산자 역전파(OBP)

사용 시간 예상: Eagle r3 프로세서에서 16분 (참고: 이는 추정치이며 실제 실행 시간은 다를 수 있습니다.)

# Added by doQumentation — required packages for this notebook
!pip install -q matplotlib numpy qiskit qiskit-addon-obp qiskit-addon-utils qiskit-ibm-runtime rustworkx
# This cell is hidden from users;
# it disables linting rules.
# ruff: noqa

배경​

연산자 역전파(Operator backpropagation)는 양자 회로의 끝에서 연산을 측정 대상 관측 가능량(observable)에 흡수하는 기법으로, 일반적으로 관측 가능량의 항이 늘어나는 대신 회로의 깊이를 줄일 수 있습니다. 목표는 관측 가능량이 지나치게 커지지 않는 범위에서 최대한 많은 회로를 역전파하는 것입니다. Qiskit 기반 구현은 OBP Qiskit 애드온에서 제공되며, 자세한 내용은 해당 문서와 간단한 예제에서 확인할 수 있습니다.

관측 가능량 O=∑PcPPO = \sum_P c_P P를 측정해야 하는 예시 회로를 생각해봅시다. 여기서 PP는 Pauli 연산자이고 cPc_P는 계수입니다. 회로를 단일 유니터리 UU로 나타내면 아래 그림과 같이 U=UCUQU = U_C U_Q로 논리적으로 분할할 수 있습니다.

Uq 다음에 Uc가 오는 회로 다이어그램

연산자 역전파는 유니터리 UCU_C를 O′=UC†OUC=∑PcPUC†PUCO' = U_C^{\dagger}OU_C = \sum_P c_P U_C^{\dagger}PU_C와 같이 관측 가능량에 진화시켜 흡수합니다. 즉, 계산의 일부가 관측 가능량을 OO에서 O′O'로 진화시키는 고전적 방법으로 수행됩니다. 이제 원래 문제는 유니터리가 UQU_Q인 더 낮은 깊이의 회로에서 관측 가능량 O′O'를 측정하는 것으로 재구성할 수 있습니다.

유니터리 UCU_C는 여러 슬라이스 UC=USUS−1...U2U1U_C = U_S U_{S-1}...U_2U_1으로 표현됩니다. 슬라이스를 정의하는 방법은 여러 가지가 있습니다. 예를 들어, 위 예시 회로에서 각 RzzR_{zz} 레이어와 각 RxR_x 게이트 레이어를 개별 슬라이스로 볼 수 있습니다. 역전파는 O′=Πs=1S∑PcPUs†PUsO' = \Pi_{s=1}^S \sum_P c_P U_s^{\dagger} P U_s를 고전적으로 계산하는 과정을 포함합니다. 각 슬라이스 UsU_s는 Us=exp(−iθsPs2)U_s = exp(\frac{-i\theta_s P_s}{2})로 표현할 수 있으며, 여기서 PsP_s는 nn-큐비트 Pauli이고 θs\theta_s는 스칼라입니다. 다음이 성립함을 쉽게 확인할 수 있습니다.

Us†PUs=Pif [P,Ps]=0,U_s^{\dagger} P U_s = P \qquad \text{if} ~[P,P_s] = 0, Us†PUs=cos(θs)P+isin(θs)PsPif {P,Ps}=0U_s^{\dagger} P U_s = \qquad cos(\theta_s)P + i sin(\theta_s)P_sP \qquad \text{if} ~\{P,P_s\} = 0

위 예시에서 {P,Ps}=0\{P,P_s\} = 0이면 기댓값을 계산하기 위해 하나가 아닌 두 개의 양자 회로를 실행해야 합니다. 따라서 역전파는 관측 가능량의 항 수를 늘려 더 많은 회로 실행이 필요할 수 있습니다. 연산자가 너무 커지지 않으면서 더 깊이 역전파하는 방법 중 하나는 연산자에 항을 추가하는 대신 계수가 작은 항을 잘라내는(truncate) 것입니다. 예를 들어, 위 예시에서 θs\theta_s가 충분히 작다면 PsPP_sP를 포함하는 항을 잘라낼 수 있습니다. 항을 잘라내면 실행해야 할 양자 회로 수가 줄어들지만, 그 대가로 잘라낸 항의 계수 크기에 비례하는 오차가 최종 기댓값 계산에 발생합니다.

이 튜토리얼은 qiskit-addon-obp를 사용하여 하이젠베르크 스핀 체인의 양자 동역학을 시뮬레이션하는 Qiskit 패턴을 구현합니다.

요구 사항​

이 튜토리얼을 시작하기 전에 다음이 설치되어 있는지 확인하세요.

  • Qiskit SDK v1.2 이상 (pip install qiskit)
  • Qiskit Runtime v0.28 이상 (pip install qiskit-ibm-runtime)
  • OBP Qiskit 애드온 (pip install qiskit-addon-obp)
  • Qiskit 애드온 유틸리티 (pip install qiskit-addon-utils)

설정​

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from qiskit.primitives import StatevectorEstimator as Estimator
from qiskit.transpiler.preset_passmanagers import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
from qiskit.transpiler import CouplingMap
from qiskit.synthesis import LieTrotter

from qiskit_addon_utils.problem_generators import generate_xyz_hamiltonian
from qiskit_addon_utils.problem_generators import (
    generate_time_evolution_circuit,
)
from qiskit_addon_utils.slicing import slice_by_gate_types, combine_slices
from qiskit_addon_obp.utils.simplify import OperatorBudget
from qiskit_addon_obp import backpropagate
from qiskit_addon_obp.utils.truncating import setup_budget

from rustworkx.visualization import graphviz_draw

from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import EstimatorV2, EstimatorOptions

파트 I: 소규모 하이젠베르크 스핀 체인​

1단계: 고전적 입력을 양자 문제로 매핑하기​

양자 하이젠베르크 모델의 시간 진화를 양자 실험으로 매핑하기​

qiskit_addon_utils 패키지는 다양한 목적으로 재사용 가능한 기능들을 제공합니다.

qiskit_addon_utils.problem_generators 모듈은 주어진 연결 그래프에서 하이젠베르크 유사 해밀토니안을 생성하는 함수를 제공합니다. 이 그래프는 rustworkx.PyGraph 또는 CouplingMap일 수 있어 Qiskit 중심 워크플로에서 사용하기 편리합니다.

다음에서는 10개의 Qubit으로 이루어진 선형 체인 CouplingMap을 생성합니다.

num_qubits = 10
layout = [(i - 1, i) for i in range(1, num_qubits)]

# Instantiate a CouplingMap object
coupling_map = CouplingMap(layout)
graphviz_draw(coupling_map.graph, method="circo")

이전 코드 셀의 출력

다음으로, 하이젠베르크 XYZ 해밀토니안을 모델링하는 Pauli 연산자를 생성합니다.

H^XYZ=∑(j,k)∈E(Jxσjxσkx+Jyσjyσky+Jzσjzσkz)+∑j∈V(hxσjx+hyσjy+hzσjz){\hat{\mathcal{H}}_{XYZ} = \sum_{(j,k)\in E} (J_{x} \sigma_j^{x} \sigma_{k}^{x} + J_{y} \sigma_j^{y} \sigma_{k}^{y} + J_{z} \sigma_j^{z} \sigma_{k}^{z}) + \sum_{j\in V} (h_{x} \sigma_j^{x} + h_{y} \sigma_j^{y} + h_{z} \sigma_j^{z})}

여기서 G(V,E)G(V,E)는 제공된 커플링 맵의 그래프입니다.

# Get a qubit operator describing the Heisenberg XYZ model
hamiltonian = generate_xyz_hamiltonian(
    coupling_map,
    coupling_constants=(np.pi / 8, np.pi / 4, np.pi / 2),
    ext_magnetic_field=(np.pi / 3, np.pi / 6, np.pi / 9),
)
print(hamiltonian)
SparsePauliOp(['IIIIIIIXXI', 'IIIIIIIYYI', 'IIIIIIIZZI', 'IIIIIXXIII', 'IIIIIYYIII', 'IIIIIZZIII', 'IIIXXIIIII', 'IIIYYIIIII', 'IIIZZIIIII', 'IXXIIIIIII', 'IYYIIIIIII', 'IZZIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIXX', 'IIIIIIIIYY', 'IIIIIIIIZZ', 'IIIIIIXXII', 'IIIIIIYYII', 'IIIIIIZZII', 'IIIIXXIIII', 'IIIIYYIIII', 'IIIIZZIIII', 'IIXXIIIIII', 'IIYYIIIIII', 'IIZZIIIIII', 'XXIIIIIIII', 'YYIIIIIIII', 'ZZIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIX', 'IIIIIIIIIY', 'IIIIIIIIIZ', 'IIIIIIIIXI', 'IIIIIIIIYI', 'IIIIIIIIZI', 'IIIIIIIXII', 'IIIIIIIYII', 'IIIIIIIZII', 'IIIIIIXIII', 'IIIIIIYIII', 'IIIIIIZIII', 'IIIIIXIIII', 'IIIIIYIIII', 'IIIIIZIIII', 'IIIIXIIIII', 'IIIIYIIIII', 'IIIIZIIIII', 'IIIXIIIIII', 'IIIYIIIIII', 'IIIZIIIIII', 'IIXIIIIIII', 'IIYIIIIIII', 'IIZIIIIIII', 'IXIIIIIIII', 'IYIIIIIIII', 'IZIIIIIIII', 'XIIIIIIIII', 'YIIIIIIIII', 'ZIIIIIIIII'],
              coeffs=[0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j])

큐비트 연산자로부터 시간 진화를 모델링하는 양자 회로를 생성할 수 있습니다. 다시 한번, qiskit_addon_utils.problem_generators 모듈이 이를 위한 편리한 함수를 제공합니다.

circuit = generate_time_evolution_circuit(
    hamiltonian,
    time=0.2,
    synthesis=LieTrotter(reps=2),
)
circuit.draw("mpl", style="iqp", scale=0.6)

이전 코드 셀의 출력

2단계: 양자 하드웨어 실행을 위한 문제 최적화​

역전파할 회로 슬라이스 생성하기​

backpropagate 함수는 한 번에 전체 회로 슬라이스를 역전파한다는 점을 기억하세요. 따라서 슬라이싱 방법의 선택은 주어진 문제에서 역전파 성능에 영향을 줄 수 있습니다. 여기서는 slice_by_gate_types 함수를 사용하여 같은 유형의 게이트를 슬라이스로 묶겠습니다.

회로 슬라이싱에 대한 더 자세한 논의는 qiskit-addon-utils 패키지의 사용 방법 가이드를 참고하세요.

slices = slice_by_gate_types(circuit)
print(f"Separated the circuit into {len(slices)} slices.")
Separated the circuit into 18 slices.

역전파 중 연산자 증가 크기 제한하기​

역전파 중 연산자의 항 수는 일반적으로 NN이 Qubit 수일 때 4N4^N에 빠르게 근접합니다. 두 항이 큐비트 단위로 교환되지 않으면(non-commuting), 해당 항들의 기댓값을 얻기 위해 별도의 회로가 필요합니다. 예를 들어, 2-큐비트 관측 가능량 O=0.1XX+0.3IZ−0.5IXO = 0.1 XX + 0.3 IZ - 0.5 IX가 있다면, [XX,IX]=0[XX,IX] = 0이므로 이 두 항의 기댓값을 계산하는 데 단일 기저 측정으로 충분합니다. 하지만 IZIZ는 나머지 두 항과 반교환(anti-commute)합니다. 따라서 IZIZ의 기댓값을 계산하려면 별도의 기저 측정이 필요합니다. 즉, ⟨O⟩\langle O \rangle을 계산하는 데 하나가 아닌 두 개의 회로가 필요합니다. 연산자의 항 수가 증가할수록 필요한 회로 실행 횟수도 증가할 가능성이 있습니다.

연산자의 크기는 backpropagate 함수의 operator_budget 키워드 인수를 지정하여 제한할 수 있으며, 이 인수는 OperatorBudget 인스턴스를 받습니다.

추가 리소스(시간) 할당량을 제어하기 위해, 역전파된 관측 가능량이 가질 수 있는 큐비트 단위 교환 Pauli 그룹의 최대 수를 제한합니다. 여기서는 연산자의 큐비트 단위 교환 Pauli 그룹 수가 8을 초과하면 역전파를 중단하도록 지정합니다.

op_budget = OperatorBudget(max_qwc_groups=8)

회로에서 슬라이스 역전파하기​

먼저 관측 가능량을 MZ=1N∑i=1N⟨Zi⟩M_Z = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N \langle Z_i \rangle로 지정합니다. 여기서 NN은 Qubit의 수입니다. 관측 가능량의 항들이 더 이상 여덟 개 이하의 큐비트 단위 교환 Pauli 그룹으로 결합될 수 없을 때까지 시간 진화 회로에서 슬라이스를 역전파합니다.

observable = SparsePauliOp.from_sparse_list(
    [("Z", [i], 1 / num_qubits) for i in range(num_qubits)],
    num_qubits=num_qubits,
)
observable
SparsePauliOp(['IIIIIIIIIZ', 'IIIIIIIIZI', 'IIIIIIIZII', 'IIIIIIZIII', 'IIIIIZIIII', 'IIIIZIIIII', 'IIIZIIIIII', 'IIZIIIIIII', 'IZIIIIIIII', 'ZIIIIIIIII'],
              coeffs=[0.1+0.j, 0.1+0.j, 0.1+0.j, 0.1+0.j, 0.1+0.j, 0.1+0.j, 0.1+0.j, 0.1+0.j,
 0.1+0.j, 0.1+0.j])

아래에서 6개의 슬라이스가 역전파되었으며, 항들이 여덟이 아닌 여섯 개의 그룹으로 결합된 것을 볼 수 있습니다. 이는 한 슬라이스를 더 역전파하면 Pauli 그룹 수가 여덟을 초과한다는 것을 의미합니다. 반환된 메타데이터를 검사하여 이를 확인할 수 있습니다. 또한 이 부분에서 회로 변환은 정확합니다. 즉, 새로운 관측 가능량 O′O'의 어떤 항도 잘리지 않았습니다. 역전파된 회로와 역전파된 연산자는 원래 회로와 연산자와 정확히 동일한 결과를 냅니다.

# Backpropagate slices onto the observable
bp_obs, remaining_slices, metadata = backpropagate(
    observable, slices, operator_budget=op_budget
)
# Recombine the slices remaining after backpropagation
bp_circuit = combine_slices(remaining_slices)

print(f"Backpropagated {metadata.num_backpropagated_slices} slices.")
print(
    f"New observable has {len(bp_obs.paulis)} terms, which can be combined into {len(bp_obs.group_commuting(qubit_wise=True))} groups."
)
print(
    f"Note that backpropagating one more slice would result in {metadata.backpropagation_history[-1].num_paulis[0]} terms "
    f"across {metadata.backpropagation_history[-1].num_qwc_groups} groups."
)
print("The remaining circuit after backpropagation looks as follows:")
bp_circuit.draw("mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.6)
Backpropagated 6 slices.
New observable has 60 terms, which can be combined into 6 groups.
Note that backpropagating one more slice would result in 114 terms across 12 groups.
The remaining circuit after backpropagation looks as follows:

이전 코드 셀의 출력

다음으로, 출력 관측 가능량 크기에 대한 동일한 제약 조건으로 동일한 문제를 지정합니다. 하지만 이번에는 setup_budget 함수를 사용하여 각 슬라이스에 오차 예산을 할당합니다. 계수가 작은 Pauli 항들은 오차 예산이 소진될 때까지 각 슬라이스에서 잘라내며, 남은 예산은 다음 슬라이스의 예산에 추가됩니다. 이 경우 일부 항이 잘리므로 역전파로 인한 변환은 근사적입니다.

이 잘라내기를 활성화하려면 다음과 같이 오차 예산을 설정해야 합니다.

truncation_error_budget = setup_budget(max_error_per_slice=0.005)

슬라이스당 5e-3의 오차를 잘라내기에 할당함으로써, 원래의 여덟 개 교환 Pauli 그룹 예산 내에서 회로에서 슬라이스를 하나 더 제거할 수 있습니다. 기본적으로 backpropagate는 잘라낸 계수의 L1 노름을 사용하여 잘라내기로 인한 총 오차를 제한합니다. 다른 옵션은 p_norm 지정 사용 방법 가이드를 참고하세요.

7개의 슬라이스를 역전파한 이 예시에서 총 잘라내기 오차는 (슬라이스당 5e-3 오차) * (7 슬라이스) = 3.5e-2를 초과하지 않아야 합니다. 슬라이스에 오차 예산을 분배하는 방법에 대한 자세한 논의는 이 사용 방법 가이드를 참고하세요.

# Run the same experiment but truncate observable terms with small coefficients
bp_obs_trunc, remaining_slices_trunc, metadata = backpropagate(
    observable,
    slices,
    operator_budget=op_budget,
    truncation_error_budget=truncation_error_budget,
)

# Recombine the slices remaining after backpropagation
bp_circuit_trunc = combine_slices(
    remaining_slices_trunc, include_barriers=False
)

print(f"Backpropagated {metadata.num_backpropagated_slices} slices.")
print(
    f"New observable has {len(bp_obs_trunc.paulis)} terms, which can be combined into {len(bp_obs_trunc.group_commuting(qubit_wise=True))} groups.\n"
    f"After truncation, the error in our observable is bounded by {metadata.accumulated_error(0):.3e}"
)
print(
    f"Note that backpropagating one more slice would result in {metadata.backpropagation_history[-1].num_paulis[0]} terms "
    f"across {metadata.backpropagation_history[-1].num_qwc_groups} groups."
)
print("The remaining circuit after backpropagation looks as follows:")
bp_circuit_trunc.draw("mpl", scale=0.6)
Backpropagated 7 slices.
New observable has 82 terms, which can be combined into 8 groups.
After truncation, the error in our observable is bounded by 3.266e-02
Note that backpropagating one more slice would result in 114 terms across 12 groups.
The remaining circuit after backpropagation looks as follows:

이전 코드 셀의 출력

잘라내기를 통해 관측 가능량의 교환 그룹 수를 늘리지 않고도 더 깊이 역전파할 수 있음을 알 수 있습니다.

축소된 ansatz와 확장된 관측 가능량을 얻었으므로, 이제 실험을 백엔드에 맞게 트랜스파일할 수 있습니다.​

여기서는 127-큐비트 IBM® 양자 컴퓨터를 사용하여 QPU Backend로 트랜스파일하는 방법을 보여줍니다.

service = QiskitRuntimeService()
backend = service.least_busy(
    operational=True, simulator=False, min_num_qubits=127
)
pm = generate_preset_pass_manager(backend=backend, optimization_level=1)

# Transpile original experiment
circuit_isa = pm.run(circuit)
observable_isa = observable.apply_layout(circuit_isa.layout)

# Transpile backpropagated experiment
bp_circuit_isa = pm.run(bp_circuit)
bp_obs_isa = bp_obs.apply_layout(bp_circuit_isa.layout)

# Transpile the backpropagated experiment with truncated observable terms
bp_circuit_trunc_isa = pm.run(bp_circuit_trunc)
bp_obs_trunc_isa = bp_obs_trunc.apply_layout(bp_circuit_trunc_isa.layout)

세 가지 경우 각각에 대해 Primitive Unified Bloc (PUB)을 생성합니다.

pub = (circuit_isa, observable_isa)
bp_pub = (bp_circuit_isa, bp_obs_isa)
bp_trunc_pub = (bp_circuit_trunc_isa, bp_obs_trunc_isa)

Step 3: Execute using Qiskit primitives​

기댓값 계산​

마지막으로, 역전파된 실험을 실행하고 노이즈 없는 StatevectorEstimator를 사용한 전체 실험과 비교할 수 있습니다.

ideal_estimator = Estimator()

# Run the experiments using Estimator primitive to obtain the exact outcome
result_exact = (
    ideal_estimator.run([(circuit, observable)]).result()[0].data.evs.item()
)
print(f"Exact expectation value: {result_exact}")
Exact expectation value: 0.8871244838989416

이 예시에서는 resilience_level = 2를 사용합니다.

options = EstimatorOptions()
options.default_precision = 0.011
options.resilience_level = 2

estimator = EstimatorV2(mode=backend, options=options)
job = estimator.run([pub, bp_pub, bp_trunc_pub])

Step 4: Post-process and return result to desired classical format​

result_no_bp = job.result()[0].data.evs.item()
result_bp = job.result()[1].data.evs.item()
result_bp_trunc = job.result()[2].data.evs.item()

std_no_bp = job.result()[0].data.stds.item()
std_bp = job.result()[1].data.stds.item()
std_bp_trunc = job.result()[2].data.stds.item()
print(
    f"Expectation value without backpropagation: {result_no_bp} ± {std_no_bp}"
)
print(f"Backpropagated expectation value: {result_bp} ± {std_bp}")
print(
    f"Backpropagated expectation value with truncation: {result_bp_trunc} ± {std_bp_trunc}"
)
Expectation value without backpropagation: 0.8033194665993642
Backpropagated expectation value: 0.8599808781259016
Backpropagated expectation value with truncation: 0.8868736004169483
methods = [
    "No backpropagation",
    "Backpropagation",
    "Backpropagation w/ truncation",
]
values = [result_no_bp, result_bp, result_bp_trunc]
stds = [std_no_bp, std_bp, std_bp_trunc]

ax = plt.gca()
plt.bar(methods, values, color="#a56eff", width=0.4, edgecolor="#8a3ffc")
plt.axhline(result_exact)
ax.set_ylim([0.6, 0.92])
plt.text(0.2, 0.895, "Exact result")
ax.set_ylabel(r"$M_Z$", fontsize=12)
Text(0, 0.5, '$M_Z$')

Output of the previous code cell

Part B: Scale it up!​

이제 Operator Backpropagation을 사용하여 50큐비트 Heisenberg Spin Chain의 해밀토니안 동역학을 연구해 보겠습니다.

Step 1: Map classical inputs to a quantum problem​

50큐비트 해밀토니안 H^XYZ\hat{\mathcal{H}}_{XYZ}를 대규모 문제에 적용합니다. JJ와 hh 계수 값은 소규모 예시와 동일합니다. 관측량 MZ=1N∑i=1N⟨Zi⟩M_Z = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N \langle Z_i \rangle도 이전과 동일합니다. 이 문제는 고전적 완전 시뮬레이션의 범위를 벗어납니다.

num_qubits = 50
layout = [(i - 1, i) for i in range(1, num_qubits)]

# Instantiate a CouplingMap object
coupling_map = CouplingMap(layout)
graphviz_draw(coupling_map.graph, method="circo")

Output of the previous code cell

hamiltonian = generate_xyz_hamiltonian(
    coupling_map,
    coupling_constants=(np.pi / 8, np.pi / 4, np.pi / 2),
    ext_magnetic_field=(np.pi / 3, np.pi / 6, np.pi / 9),
)
print(hamiltonian)
SparsePauliOp(['IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXI', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYI', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZI', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXX', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYY', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZ', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIXXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIYYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'XXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'YYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'ZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIX', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIY', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZ', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXI', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYI', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZI', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IXIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IYIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'XIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'YIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'ZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'],
              coeffs=[0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j,
 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j,
 1.57079633+0.j, 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j,
 0.39269908+0.j, 0.78539816+0.j, 1.57079633+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j,
 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j,
 0.52359878+0.j, 0.34906585+0.j, 1.04719755+0.j, 0.52359878+0.j,
 0.34906585+0.j])
observable = SparsePauliOp.from_sparse_list(
    [("Z", [i], 1 / num_qubits) for i in range(num_qubits)],
    num_qubits,
)
observable
SparsePauliOp(['IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZ', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZI', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IIZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'IZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII', 'ZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'],
              coeffs=[0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j,
 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j,
 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j,
 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j,
 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j,
 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j,
 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j, 0.02+0.j,
 0.02+0.j])

이 대규모 문제에서는 진화 시간을 0.20.2, 트로터 스텝 수를 44로 설정했습니다. 이 문제는 고전적 완전 시뮬레이션으로는 다룰 수 없지만, 텐서 네트워크 방법으로는 시뮬레이션할 수 있습니다. 따라서 양자 컴퓨터에서 역전파를 통해 얻은 결과를 이상적인 결과와 검증할 수 있습니다.

이 문제에 대한 이상적인 기댓값은 텐서 네트워크 시뮬레이션을 통해 ≃0.89\simeq 0.89로 얻어집니다.

circuit = generate_time_evolution_circuit(
    hamiltonian,
    time=0.2,
    synthesis=LieTrotter(reps=4),
)
circuit.draw("mpl", style="iqp", fold=-1, scale=0.6)

Output of the previous code cell

Step 2: Optimize problem for quantum hardware execution​

slices = slice_by_gate_types(circuit)
print(f"Separated the circuit into {len(slices)} slices.")
Separated the circuit into 36 slices.

max_error_per_slice를 이전과 동일하게 0.005로 설정합니다. 그러나 이 대규모 문제에서는 슬라이스 수가 소규모 예시보다 훨씬 많기 때문에, 슬라이스당 0.005의 오류를 허용하면 전체 역전파 오류가 크게 누적될 수 있습니다. max_error_total을 지정하면 전체 역전파 오류의 상한을 설정할 수 있으며, 여기서는 0.03으로 설정합니다(소규모 예시와 대략 동일한 값).

이 대규모 예시에서는 commuting group 수의 상한을 더 높게 설정하여 15로 지정합니다.

op_budget = OperatorBudget(max_qwc_groups=15)
truncation_error_budget = setup_budget(
    max_error_total=0.03, max_error_per_slice=0.005
)

먼저 절단 없이 역전파된 Circuit과 관측량을 구합니다.

bp_obs, remaining_slices, metadata = backpropagate(
    observable, slices, operator_budget=op_budget
)
bp_circuit = combine_slices(remaining_slices)

print(f"Backpropagated {metadata.num_backpropagated_slices} slices.")
print(
    f"New observable has {len(bp_obs.paulis)} terms, which can be combined into {len(bp_obs.group_commuting(qubit_wise=True))} groups."
)
print(
    f"Note that backpropagating one more slice would result in {metadata.backpropagation_history[-1].num_paulis[0]} terms "
    f"across {metadata.backpropagation_history[-1].num_qwc_groups} groups."
)
print("The remaining circuit after backpropagation looks as follows:")
bp_circuit.draw("mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.6)
Backpropagated 7 slices.
New observable has 634 terms, which can be combined into 12 groups.
Note that backpropagating one more slice would result in 1246 terms across 27 groups.
The remaining circuit after backpropagation looks as follows:

Output of the previous code cell

이제 절단을 허용하면 다음과 같습니다.

bp_obs_trunc, remaining_slices_trunc, metadata = backpropagate(
    observable,
    slices,
    operator_budget=op_budget,
    truncation_error_budget=truncation_error_budget,
)

# Recombine the slices remaining after backpropagation
bp_circuit_trunc = combine_slices(
    remaining_slices_trunc, include_barriers=False
)

print(f"Backpropagated {metadata.num_backpropagated_slices} slices.")
print(
    f"New observable has {len(bp_obs_trunc.paulis)} terms, which can be combined into {len(bp_obs_trunc.group_commuting(qubit_wise=True))} groups.\n"
    f"After truncation, the error in our observable is bounded by {metadata.accumulated_error(0):.3e}"
)
print(
    f"Note that backpropagating one more slice would result in {metadata.backpropagation_history[-1].num_paulis[0]} terms "
    f"across {metadata.backpropagation_history[-1].num_qwc_groups} groups."
)
print("The remaining circuit after backpropagation looks as follows:")
bp_circuit_trunc.draw("mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.6)
Backpropagated 10 slices.
New observable has 646 terms, which can be combined into 14 groups.
After truncation, the error in our observable is bounded by 2.998e-02
Note that backpropagating one more slice would result in 1226 terms across 29 groups.
The remaining circuit after backpropagation looks as follows:

Output of the previous code cell

절단을 허용하면 3개의 슬라이스를 추가로 역전파할 수 있습니다. Transpilation 이후 원본 Circuit, 역전파된 Circuit, 절단을 적용한 역전파 Circuit의 2큐비트 깊이를 비교해 보겠습니다.

# Transpile original experiment
circuit_isa = pm.run(circuit)
observable_isa = observable.apply_layout(circuit_isa.layout)

# Transpile the backpropagated experiment
bp_circuit_isa = pm.run(bp_circuit)
bp_obs_isa = bp_obs_trunc.apply_layout(bp_circuit_isa.layout)

# Transpile the backpropagated experiment with truncated observable terms
bp_circuit_trunc_isa = pm.run(bp_circuit_trunc)
bp_obs_trunc_isa = bp_obs_trunc.apply_layout(bp_circuit_trunc_isa.layout)
print(
    f"2-qubit depth of original circuit: {circuit_isa.depth(lambda x:x.operation.num_qubits==2)}"
)
print(
    f"2-qubit depth of backpropagated circuit: {bp_circuit_isa.depth(lambda x:x.operation.num_qubits==2)}"
)
print(
    f"2-qubit depth of backpropagated circuit with truncation: {bp_circuit_trunc_isa.depth(lambda x:x.operation.num_qubits==2)}"
)
2-qubit depth of original circuit: 48
2-qubit depth of backpropagated circuit: 40
2-qubit depth of backpropagated circuit with truncation: 36

Step 3: Qiskit 프리미티브를 사용하여 실행​

pubs = [
    (circuit_isa, observable_isa),
    (bp_circuit_isa, bp_obs_isa),
    (bp_circuit_trunc_isa, bp_obs_trunc_isa),
]
options = EstimatorOptions()
options.default_precision = 0.01
options.resilience_level = 2
options.resilience.zne.noise_factors = [1, 1.2, 1.4]
options.resilience.zne.extrapolator = ["linear"]

estimator = EstimatorV2(mode=backend, options=options)
job = estimator.run(pubs)

Step 4: 후처리하여 원하는 고전 형식으로 결과 반환​

result_no_bp = job.result()[0].data.evs.item()
result_bp = job.result()[1].data.evs.item()
result_bp_trunc = job.result()[2].data.evs.item()
print(f"Expectation value without backpropagation: {result_no_bp}")
print(f"Backpropagated expectation value: {result_bp}")
print(f"Backpropagated expectation value with truncation: {result_bp_trunc}")
Expectation value without backpropagation: 0.7887194658035515
Backpropagated expectation value: 0.9532818300978584
Backpropagated expectation value with truncation: 0.8913400398926913
methods = [
    "No backpropagation",
    "Backpropagation",
    "Backpropagation w/ truncation",
]
values = [result_no_bp, result_bp, result_bp_trunc]

ax = plt.gca()
plt.bar(methods, values, color="#a56eff", width=0.4, edgecolor="#8a3ffc")
plt.axhline(0.89)
ax.set_ylim([0.6, 0.98])
plt.text(0.2, 0.895, "Exact result")
ax.set_ylabel(r"$M_Z$", fontsize=12)
Text(0, 0.5, '$M_Z$')

이전 코드 셀의 출력

튜토리얼 설문조사​

이 짧은 설문에 참여하여 튜토리얼에 대한 피드백을 남겨 주세요. 여러분의 의견은 콘텐츠 품질과 사용자 경험을 개선하는 데 큰 도움이 됩니다.

설문 링크

Note: This survey is provided by IBM Quantum and relates to the original English content. To give feedback on doQumentation's website, translations, or code execution, please open a GitHub issue.

출처: IBM Quantum docs — 2026년 5월 15일 업데이트
doQumentation의 영어 버전 — 2026년 5월 15일 업데이트
이 번역은 2026년 4월 9일의 영어 버전을 기반으로 합니다
사이트 또는 번역 문제?콘텐츠 문제? IBM Quantum docs에서 편집